Philosophy Tutor How Kant Combats Cant

Self-awareness is tricky. In my last couple of posts I’ve discussed the Enlightenment ideal of autonomy. I have tried to describe what it is and have also endorsed its value within recognizable constraints and qualifications. Briefly, the ideal of autonomy enjoins each of us to strive for self-reliance in thought and action. In other words, we should develop and use our reasoning capacities as much as possible when adopting beliefs and deciding how to act. This time I would like to explore a tension between this ideal and the concrete reality we find ourselves confronted with. The tension arises when we reflect on the necessity and inescapability, for beings like us, of reliance on authority and trust. In his classic essay on the topic, Kant describes enlightened autonomy as development out of one’s own, self-imposed, immaturity in self-directed reasoning and understanding. There is no doubt that at least some of the immaturity he goes on to describe is â€Å"self-imposed† in one sense or another. But Kant does not really grapple with just how difficult it is for individuals to achieve a decent measure of autonomy in belief and action. As a matter of fact, contemporary psychological research has shown us that it may be even more difficult than Kant could have anticipated. Consider this research suggesting that the mere understanding of a proposition is accompanied by automatic acceptance, meaning that to intelligently consider and possibly reject the proposition would require extra effort, effort which we earthlings are rarely disposed to give, because we are busy, and Scandal is on. Disturbing as it is, this is just the tip of a massive iceberg of tendencies toward b ias imposed on us by cultural and other environmental influences enabled by our psychologies. Indeed it has become increasingly clear that our own psychological endowments may be our biggest obstacle to the proper exercise of reason (which is not to say our â€Å"immaturity† is self-imposed in Kant’s sense). But let us begin with reflection on some basic facts that were accessible to Kant. Recall that we are biological beings that begin life in a state of profound physical and psychological immaturity. We are dependent on others for virtually everything for the first decade or so of our lives, including the information that will form the foundation of any future attempt at establishing our own later autonomy. Consider your knowledge of the meaning of the words of your first language. How did you arrive at this knowledge? In virtually every case you probably learned the meaning of a word either by accepting the testimony of someone telling you its meaning or by extrapolating from a few observations of its use. In other words, you had to rely on the authority of others to learn language. I’ll go out on a limb and guess that there is not a single person reading this who executed scientifically respectable surveys to verify that a representative sample of speakers of their first langu age do indeed use words to mean what they believe that they mean. I know them is fightin' words and all, but come at me, bro. Of course, telling philosophers to "come at me, bro" is a dangerous business, as Karl Popper discovered when Ludwig Wittgenstein obliged him with a hot poker. Now, perhaps language is a special case. Given the way language works and the limits on our time and resources, it would be positively irrational to meticulously double-check the meaning of each word we learn. This would be true even if we did not reflectively decide, as youngsters, that it was rational to adopt the language-learning strategy we did. But note that it is not as if there was a language-learning period, in which we learned the meanings of individual words, and then, once linguistically competent, a belief-formation period where we were then free to leisurely employ our acquired competence to reason about what judgments about the world to endorse. Rather, we imbibe a significant portion of our biases and beliefs through our acquisition of language. Think of how many people have simply grown up with the belief that there is a continent called â€Å"Australia† who have never been outside of the United States. My point here is not to question the truth of any of our most mundane beliefs that we simply accepted growing up, but whether we are justified in continuing to accept them. The ideal of autonomy asks us not to accept something simply on authority, but to establish our own good reasons for believing something. Now, it may be that, for any given belief, we could decide that we have good reason to suppose that the source we received it from was a reliable one. The trouble is that it exceeds our capacities to do such a thing for every single belief we hold. How many of us remember how we acquired our beliefs about the location of Australia? The inescapability of reliance on authority and trust extends even to society’s institution of highest epistemic repute: science. One sometimes hears that science, as opposed to other societal institutions, makes no appeal to authority. Do not believe a word of it. How many physicists do you think have individually tested the empirical predictions of Einstein’s theory of relativity? I’ll tell you right now that it is a lot fewer than the number who believe it and who presume its truthfulness in their own experimental work. The truth of the matter is that science has to have a method of establishing, and then trusting, authorities in order to be the sort of progressive enterprise it is. If every new generation of scientists had to re-establish every single piece of now accepted scientific knowledge, it would make little, if any, new discoveries and theoretical advances. What is distinctive about science is its particular way of employing and dealing with authority. The ultimate authority is supposed to be empirical observation that is, at least in principle, open to everybody. So the authority that accrues to any individual scientist by way of empirically acquired data is available to anyone (as opposed to, say, birthright or privileged relationship to a divinity, or some other social status, etc.). This is why the scientific articles that are published and subsequently cited as authoritative must include detailed data and methods by which it was obtained—so that whoever wants to can check for themselves whether the data is replicable. Furthermore, authority in science is not supposed to be infallible or unquestionable. What is currently authoritative may always be reexamined, and possibly replaced, in the light of new evidence or considerations. So, science, when it is working well, strikes a balance between the need for progress and the ideal of anti-authority autonomy. It does this by institutionalizing the potential, if not practice, for every scientist to be as much of an authority as every other. But what does this tell us about the problem that each individual faces in their own struggle for autonomy in the face of a mountain of unreflectively imbibed belief? Does the model of science hold any lessons applicable here? I will consider this question in my next post.

Affirmative Action in the Public and Private Sectors Essay

Running head: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PAPER Affirmative Action in the Private and Public Sector University of Phoenix Employment Law HRM/ 434 CWH09HRM06 Mr. Jemal K. Yarbrough August 18, 2009 Affirmative Action in the Private and Public Sector Introduction Affirmative Action is constantly seen as an unfair intentional treatment to classes not protected by anti-discrimination laws. This paper will describe the elements of affirmative action and how it applies to employees in the private and public sector. It will also show how affirmative action interacts with Title VII requirements of Equal Employment Opportunity. Why Affirmative Action By Definition affirmative action is the intentional inclusion of women and†¦show more content†¦The plan code was created with the intention to help employers manage their responsibilities under the executive order and for them to embrace it as a form to conduct business. Affirmative action plans outline how the employer plans to ensure an anti-discrimination workplace, which can include a number of ways of how to do it. With the changes to the regulations of affirmative action plans in 2000, it made plans more balanced, by allowi ng plans â€Å"contain a diagnostic component to include an analysis that evaluates the composition of the workforce and compare it to the composition of the relevant labor pools.† (Bennett-Alexander, Hartman, 2007 , Pg 11 para 2). This means that the plans will be developed to include a study of their labor pool and their current workforce to understand and determine if there are underutilization of minorities within their geographic population. In addition the plans are also designed to include internal auditing and reporting systems to measure any progress toward achieving a balance in workforce, as described in their plan of action. Also the plans contain the procedures and actions the employers will take to ensure that qualified applicants and employees receive fair treatment in employment terms. The plans must show quantities and qualitative aspects, meaning the plan must show analysis of the workplace as it is, to identify if the minorities that exist areShow MoreRel atedAffirmative Action1160 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative actionRead MoreIs Diversity Is The Great Issue Of Our Time ( Macdeo, 2000, P.1 ) Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesprohibited in the Constitution. Despite the legal mandate, racism is evident in the society; racism has been a part of the society for five centuries and still exists in overt and covert forms. Despite positive developments in the higher education sector, underrepresented social groups are far behind than their counter parts White and Asian students. Among 18 to 24 years old student groups enrolled in college by 2004, the highest access was 60.3 per cent in Asian/Pacific Islander and 4 1.7 per centRead MoreIndia Caste System1441 Words   |  6 Pagesceremonies to purify himself from the pollution. II) Solutions to reduce discriminations Indias current controversy recalls the decades-long debate over affirmative action in the U.S., where the concept was introduced in the 1960s in an effort to remedy the effects of centuries of racial injustice and gender discrimination. Affirmative action programs in college admissions and employment have often been an inflammatory issue, raising objections from those who believe that it results in reverseRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions?1028 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions? When people think of affirmative action programs, they generally think of programs that give preference to candidates based on gender or race. However, one of the most vital affirmative action programs in the United States is the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Program (DVAAP). Under these programs, agencies are not only required to give preferential treatment to disabled veteransRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights And Equal Opportunity Legislation Of The 1960s958 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a program that serves to rectify the effects of purportedly past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and opportunities to minorities and women. Affirmative action programs were an outgrowth of the 1950s and 1960s civil rights movements and the Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity legislation of the 1960s. Close to fifty years later, the practice of affirmative action has been at the vanguard of intense debate more than any other time in its history. Hardly a week goesRead MoreAffirmative Action1075 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Sharon Huntington University of Phoenix MGT 434 Teresa Knox September 13, 2010 Affirmative Action According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"affirmative action means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded† (Fullinwider, 2009). The following paragraphs will discuss whatRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination910 Words   |  4 PagesFirst affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages - racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil rights result from a series of federal and state civil rights laws and provide protection from discrimination and harassment on a variety of basesRead MoreThe Employment Laws1657 Words   |  7 Pagescases that violate th e employee-at-will doctrine, and this has created action in the late twentieth century. Many states are abandoning the at-will doctrine and an increase in protection of employee rights at work under a variety of theories including tort, contract, and property theories (Cornell, 2013). This has created alternative means of compensation has resulted with a steady drop in union membership in the private sector (Cornell, 2013). Contractors vs. Employees It is important to note thatRead MoreAffirmative Action : Gender Action Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action (ADD PROPER INTRO) Affirmative action, in its broadest sense, are attempts to help create labor and educational opportunities for groups that have been disadvantaged in the past. (Miriam Webster). Evidence has shown that throughout history, many groups have been discriminated against, and because of past (discriminations?), they continue to experience obstacles in areas of hiring, promotion, renting, buying, gaining education, and everyday economic activities. Thus, affirmative

Essay on The Portrayal of the Contemporary Society in...

The Portrayal of the Contemporary Society in Talking Heads We have been studying three different monologues written by Alan Bennett. They are Her Big Chance involving Lesley an actress, Bed Among the Lentils with Susan, a vicars wife and A Chip in the Sugar including Graham who still lives with his mother. In this essay I am going to discuss how contemporary society is portrayed in all three. There are many different issues in our society which are raised in talking heads, for example: religion, ageism and sexuality. Sexuality Sexuality is involved in all three monologues, but more in Grahams. All throughout A Chip in the Sugar there is suspicion that Graham is gay. An example of†¦show more content†¦We can see her make her make similar excuses for things she doesnt like in other places in the monologue. There is also very little sexuality included in Susans monologue. Geoffrey, her husband has just finished a sermon on sex, and she has over heard Miss Budd and Miss Bantocks discussion. Not to mention whatever shamefaced fumblings go on between Miss Budd and Miss Bantock. Its alright if we offer it to God, Alice well if you say so Pauline. Here Susan is implying that they are lesbians. Religion Religion is quite important part of the monologue Bed Among the Lentils as Susan, the main characters husband is a vicar. I think that the whole thing briefly suggests that in our time not as many people have such strong beliefs as they did 50 years ago. This can be seen in a lot of sarcastic remarks which Susan makes. So Geoffrey concludes, when we put our money in the plate it is a symbol of everything in our lives we are offering to God and that includes our sex. I could only find 10p This is saying that she doesnt think much of her sex life and also shows how weak her beliefs in God are. One other particular quote I find interesting is To look at me, the hair, the flat chest, the wan smile, youd think I was just cutShow MoreRelatedA Streetcar Named Desire Compare And Contrast1187 Words   |  5 PagesThings come to a head when he discovers that she s been lying to them all about her mental health and he reveals the truth about her leave of absence, which truly came after it w as revealed that she had sexual relations with a minor. Though Brando s portrayal of Stanley is captivating, all the more captivating is Vivian Leigh s Blanche, who serves as the films protagonist. Blanche is an extremely complex character – both in text and on screen. On the outside she is high society, pure, condescendingRead MorePerceptions And Understanding Of Self And Others, By Laura Wade And Crouch, Touch, Pause,2808 Words   |  12 Pagesnotions in British theatre which resonate through contemporary society. â€Å"What to do? How to act? Who to be? These are focal questions for everyone living in circumstances of late modernity – and ones which, on some level or another, all of us answer, either discursively or through day- to-day† (Giddens, 1991, p.80). Identity is a powerful umbrella radiating through the ever more challenging, fast paced living, and diversification of the present contemporary world, under which humanity ‘categorises’ individualsRead MoreCommon Representations Of Nordic Cultur e1932 Words   |  8 Pagesputting on an accent similar to Stoick’s. Hiccup – (mimicking his father) â€Å"Excuse me barmaid! I believe you brought me the wrong offspring; I ordered an extra large boy with beefy arms, extra large guts and glory on the side. This here, this is a talking fish bone!† (DreamWorks Animation, DeBlois Sanders, 2010) When hiccup takes on this accent, he also calls forth the Viking traits that he is lacking. This use of a shift in dialect serves to directly link the pseudo Norse to the characteristicsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Work Essay example1626 Words   |  7 PagesThis was the main focus for music and entertainment as well as for news updates. When the war had finished, 5,000 Americans had television sets in their homes. The biggest influence on America in the forties was the war. Ray Bradbury began by talking about the Illustrated Man and how he could not hold jobs anywhere. This was due to the fact that the Illustrated Man was filled with tattoos that had violent depictions and his tattoos also predicted the future. This Illustrated Man was upset aboutRead MoreHarvey Milk, By Rob Epstein And Milk2553 Words   |  11 Pagesdollar dramatic Hollywood film recounting Harvey’s life more from his perspective and with a star studded cast. These two portrayals are different between approach, tone and style. The way this essay will approach these movies is by comparing how the two films portray Milk, how these take from what can be considered gay cinema and which can be considered the more realistic portrayal of Harvey Milk. When analyzing both the documentary and the mainstream film, one must first determine some of the importantRead MoreRacial Stereotypes Of Film, Movie, Films Like The Avengers Or The Twilight Vampire Series1959 Words   |  8 PagesRacial stereotypes in films have typically reflected societies reality. How individuals are able to come to understand what it means to be a black in America is shaped by the social construct of cultural identity. As both reality and social construct shifts, so does Black representation in film. What has not shifted is the fact that we are still living in a white dominated society, where much of the narrative belongs to and is determined by Rich, White Males and where black stereotypes still existRead More Detective Fiction Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1802 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween two major kinds of detective fiction, ‘Mystery’ and ‘Adventure.’ (Rzepka. 2005: 9). This raises the question of how detective fiction appeals to past and present audience’s and its position as part of a mass market publication in contemporary society. In order to answer this question it is important to briefly summarise the rise of detective fiction as a genre. The rise of detective fiction as a genre is significantly vast and extensive in historical context; for example critics haveRead MoreThe Portrayal of the Gangster Genre in American and British Cinema in Goodfellas by Martin Scorcese and Layer Cake by Matthew Vaughn2145 Words   |  9 PagesThe Portrayal of the Gangster Genre in American and British Cinema in Goodfellas by Martin Scorcese and Layer Cake by Matthew Vaughn The media has a vital role in the characterization of the gangster genre and presents a particular image with which the audience forms certain associations and expectations. For example, the use of transport, clothing, language and weapons are key paradigms that are executed to ensure that the gangster genre is presented the way one wouldRead More Contrasting Native Son and Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay4128 Words   |  17 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper examines the drastic differences in literary themes and styles of Richard Wright and Zora Neale Hurston, two African--American writers from the early 1900s. The portrayals of African-American women by each author are contrasted based on specific examples from their two most prominent novels, Native Son by Wright, and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Hurston. With the intent to explain this divergence, the autobiographies of both authors (Black Boy and Dust Tracks on a Road) areRead More Reggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia Essay examples2257 Words   |  10 PagesReggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia The world is in trouble/Anytime Buju Banton come/ Batty boy get up and run/ ah gunshot in ah head man/Tell dem crew†¦ it’s like/ Boom bye bye, in a batty boy head, rude boy nah promote no nasty man, them hafi dead. The average member of the reggae dancehall culture knows the message that this song is sending to its listeners. However, without a translation these lyrics do not mean a thing to someone who is not familiar with this culture and the vocabulary

Law of European Union

Question: Describe about the Law of European Union. Answer: Introduction The European Union citizenship first emerged or rather introduced by the Treaty of Maastricht that was signed in the year of 1992. The treaty came into effect in the year of 1993. The citizenship of European Union is subsidiary to the to the citizenship that is national and in addition to that it afford those rights that includes voting rights in the elections of Europe. The rights also make the inclusion of the right relating to the free movement, employment and settlement across the European Union. The rights also include the right of consular protection that is rendered by the other states embassies of the European Union in case any persons nation of citizenship do not have or maintain any consulate or an embassy in that nation where the protection is required. The freedom of movement of the persons that is considered to be the one of the four rights of freedom are considered in Section 26 of the TFEU. Article 18 of the Said Treaty makes the dealing with the rights that are associated with non discrimination on the sole grounds of nationality. Article 20 deals with the creation of the citizenship of the European Union. Article 21 deals with the movement of the citizens of the European Union that are free and subject to certain limitations and conditions. The citizenship of the European Union was considered a distinct concept when it got its first introduction through the Maastricht Treaty. The concept got extended through the Amsterdam Treaty. In the earlier time that is before the year of 1992 the right to freedom of movement was subject to be guaranteed by the treaties of the European Communities[1]. Through that treaty, the right of the freedom of movement was granted to the general persons who are active economically and not the others. The Paris Treaty of the year 1951 made the establishment of the Community of European Steel and Coal that made the identification of the rights of the freedom of movement of the workers related to these industries. The Rome Treaty of the year of 1957 made the provision of the freedom of movement of the workers. European Court of Justice and the Freedom of Movement of People The European Court of Justice made the interpretation of the provisions of the treaty as not having a narrow purpose economically, but having a broader economic and social purpose. In the case of Levin[2], it was held by the Court, that the right of the free movement is of primary importance as that right did not only intend to make the establishment of the single market for benefitting the economies of the member states but they intend to raise the living standard of the workers. Under the case law of the European Court of Justice, the rights of the freedom of movement of the workers apply only to those workers who take up employment abroad and that employment could be either full-time or part-time[3]. Such rights are significant regardless of the fact whether the worker is of any need of assistance in the financial terms in the member nation where he moves. There was the existence of the elements of non-discrimination before the Maastricht Treaty under Article 12 of the Treaty of t he European Community. This is because the Court of Justice of Europe previously held that the recipient of any service bears the right of free movement. Such right existed among every member nation state working whether active economically or not. In the case of Martinez Sala[4], the European Justice Court made the decision that the provisions of citizenship grant the right of free movement that is substantive in nature. Such rights are in addition to those rights that were granted already by the law of the Union. The primary benefit that lies in being the citizen of the European Union is the right of the freedom of movement. The right of free movement makes the application to the citizens of the areas of economic Europe and also Switzerland. Since, the establishment of the concept of the citizenship of the European Union, there were several political rights that came into the picture[5]. The Treaty of Functioning of the European Union makes the provision for the citizens for being represented directly at the level of Union in the Parliament of Europe. Such provision also grants the right to make the participation in the life relation to democracy of the European Union[6]. The primary political right is the right to vote in the lections of Europe. Such rights were granted under Article 22 of the European Union Treaty. According to that Article, there stands a right to cast the vote and also stand in the elections of the Parliament of Europe in any member nation of the European Union. The next political right relates to the right of voting in the elections of a municipality. Such right is granted through the Article 22 of the European Union Treaty. According to that Article, there lies the right to cast the vote and in addition to that also stand in the elections that are local in any state of the European Union other than the state of their own. Such participation must be in accordance with the similar conditions that are imposed on the nationals of such state. The third political right is the right to have the access the documents of the government of Europe. Such right is granted through Article 15 of the European Union Treaty. According to that arti cle, there is the right to make the access to the documents of the Parliament of Europe, Commission, and Council. The fourth political right relates to the petitioning the Parliament and Ombudsman[7]. Such right is granted under Article 24 of the European Union Treaty. In accordance with that Article, there lies the right to make the petition to the Parliament of Europe. The article also grants the right to make the application of the Ombudsman of Europe for bringing the cases of ill administration to the attention of the bodies and institutions of the European Union[8]. The same Article also grants the rights of language. The Article grants the right to make the application to the institution of European Union in any of languages that are official and also to get the reply in that language in which the application is made. There are several rights of freedom of movement. The first right of relating to the freedom of movement is the right to make the residence and movement that is free. Article 21 of the European Union Treaty grants this right. According to that article, there lies the right of freedom of residence and movement that exists throughout the territories of the European Union. The Article also grants the right to work or get employed in any position. Such position includes the position in the national civil services that makes the exception of the posts that exists in public sector, which makes the involvement of the power exercise that is conferred by the public law. The next right relating to the freedom of movement is the right of freedom from the discrimination on the basis of nationality. Such right was enshrined in Article 18 of the European Union Treaty[9]. In accordance to that Article, there lies the right to any person of not discriminated on the grounds of his or her nationality that lies within the application scope of the Treaty. The European Union Treaty through Article 23 provides the right of consular protection. In accordance to that article, there is the right of getting protection of the diplomatic authorities or the consular of any other member nation when they are in any non-member State of the European Union. Such right is applicable in cases where there exists no consular or diplomatic authorities from the own State of the citizen. This is because not every member nation maintains their embassies everywhere in world[10]. The first subsection of Article 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union makes the express statement that every Citizen who belongs to the European Union should have the right for moving freely and reside within the territories of the Member Nations. However, such right is subject to certain conditions and limitations that are given in the Treaty in addition to the measures that are adopted for giving effect that right. In relation to this right, the European Court of Justice made the statement that the Citizenship of the European Union is designed to be the primary status of the nationals of the Member Nation. The Court of Justice of Europe made the decision that the said Article makes the conferring of the right that is effective and is direct upon the citizens who are residing in any other Member nation. It was considered widely before the case of Baumbast[11], that the citizens who are not active economically, do not have the right of residence that derives from the Treaty of European Union directly from the directives that are created under that Treaty. In the case of Baumbast, the European Court of Justice made the decision that Article 18 of the Treaty grants the right to residency that is applicable in the general sense and also limited by secondary legislation. The limitation is applicable only in those cases where the legislation, which is secondary, is proportionate. The Member nations could make the distinction between their nationals and the citizens of the European Union only in those conditions when the provisions make the satisfaction of the proportionality test. The citizens of the European who are migrant is expected to have a solidarity that is related to finance to some degree[12]. Such solidarity must be in regard of those citizens integration degree to the society of the host country. The time length is also considered as a factor that is important while making the consideration of the integration degree. There has been a huge criticism of the case laws of the European Court of Justice for increasing the number of the national rules that are related with the assessment of proportionality. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union through Article 45 makes the express statement that the rights of the free movement of the workers need to be secured with the European Union. The Article also depicts that the said freedom should entail abolition of discrimination that is based on nationality between the employees of the Member nations as regard to remuneration, employment and the conditions of employment and work[13]. The State employment that are reserved exclusively for the nationals differs between the Member nations. For instance, the barrister training in the territory of Ireland and Britain is not reserved for the nationals, while the similar course in France makes the qualification of anyone as judge and can be pursued only by the citizens of France[14]. However, the factor of employment is limited widely to the roles that make the exercise of that degree of authority of public that is significant[15]. For example, the posts of judges, diplomats of military , politicians etc. It is also the factor to note that not every member nation makes the choice of restricting these posts to the nationals. The rights of citizenship as enshrined in the Legislation that is Secondary In the Directive 2004/38, the rights of citizenship are enshrined. Recital 3 of the Echoes of the European Court of Justice states that the citizenship of the European Union should be the primary status of the member nation nationals. In Article 21 of the TFEU gives the clarification about importance of the development of the concepts of the citizenship in the European Union centrally. The said Directive is involved in granting the rights to reside in any of the member nations of the European Union for more than a period of three months. The rights make the application on the workers, the persons who are self employed, students, independent persons and their members of the family. There are distinctions that are significant between the members of the family members who are the citizens of the European Union. The scope of the family member also makes the extension in making the inclusion of the partners who are registered. Under the said Directive there are also protection that render s the protection against expulsion. Once upon the rights of permanent residence are acquired, there can be no decision of expulsion that may be taken against the family members or the citizens of the European Union except in cases of security and public policy. Limitations of the Right of Freedom of Movement It is to be noted that the new members of the European Union may undergo the regimes that are transitional during the time when their nationals are capable to make the enjoyment of the access to the markets of labor that are restricted in the other Member nations. The Member nations of the European Union are given the permission to maintain the restrictions on the citizens of the countries that are acceded recently for a period of maximum seven years after that accession. The nations such as Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein form the EFTA States. The said restriction for these EFTA States is maximum of nine years[16]. The time that followed the enlargement of 2004, it was seen the three member nations who are old such as United Kingdom, Ireland and Sweden made the decision to make the allowance of the access to their markets of labor that are unrestricted. In the year of 2009, all the Member Nations made the lifting of the restrictions with the exception of Germany and Austria. Germany and Austria also lifted their restrictions by the end of the year 2011[17]. The time that followed the enlargement of the year of 2004, it is seen that the member nations prior to the year of 2004 with exception of Sweden and Finland made the imposition of the restrictions on the citizens of Romania and Bulgaria. It was also the same that is done by the two member states such as Hungary and Malta that joined the Union in the year of 2004[18]. By the time expiry of the month of November, except eight of the countries of the European Union lifted the restrictions entirely. The said restrictions also ended on the 1st January of the year 2014. The labor market of Norway became open in the month of July in the year 2012. The restrictions were kept in place by the nations Lichtenstein and Switzerland till 2016. The time that followed the enlargement that took place in the year of 2013, several countries made the implementation of the restrictions on the nationals of the Croatia because of the accession of the country to that of European Union on the 1st of July of the year 2013. By the expiry of 2013, all countries lifted the restrictions except thirteen countries entirely. There has been a bill that has been announced regarding this effect by the Home Office of the United Kingdom[19]. Acquisition of the Citizenship There has been no common policy of the European Union on the factor of acquisition of the citizenship of Europe as it is considered supplementary to the citizenship of any nation. In accordance to Article 20 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, one cannot become a citizen of the European Union unless he or she is the national of any of the Member Nation of the European Union. The said Article provides expressly that every person who holds or has the nationality of any the Member States of the European Union should considered to be the citizen of that of the Union. The Article also mentions that the citizenship of the European Union should in addition to the nationality of its member nations and should not replace under any circumstances the citizenship, which is national. It is mentioned already that the nationals of the Member Nations of the European Union are the members of the European Union. It has been regarded as the duty of each member nation of the European Union to have the due regard to the law of the Union for laying down the conditions relating to loss and acquisition of nationality[20]. Hence, it can be said that there exists a wide variety of the practices and the rules that is in relation to the loss and acquisition and loss of citizenship in the member nations of the European Union[21]. Exceptions to the Rights of Citizenship and Free Movement for the Overseas Territories The exceptions of the rule of free movement refers to the fact that any member state may withheld the citizenship of the European Union from several groups of citizens that are mostly in the territories that are overseas of the Member nations and that is outside the European Union[22]. For instance, the complexity that lies in the British Nationality Law regarding the definition of British Citizens. In accordance to that law, the Government of the United Kingdom made the declaration regarding the fact that who would be regarded as the national of Britain for the purposes of the European Union. The definition provides that those persons would be regarded as the British National who are British Citizens as mentioned by the first part of the British Nationality Act of the year 1981[23]. The British Subjects who lies within the meaning of the fourth part of the British Nationality Act of 1981 should be considered as British national only if such citizens have the right of abode that is u nder the immigration law of the United Kingdom. The citizens of Britain of the overseas territories who made the derivation of the citizenship in connection with Gibraltar should also be considered as the British National. The said law is therefore makes the exclusion from the citizenship of the European Union the several categories of the citizenship of Britain that are associated generally with the previous colonies of Britain. This includes the British Nationals who are in overseas, the British Citizens Overseas, the Protected Person of Britain and the Britain Subject that do not have that right of abode under the immigration law of the United Kingdom[24]. The enactment of the legislation named the British Overseas Territories Act in the year of 2002 made the extension of the citizenship of the European Union to almost all the citizens of Britain who are residing overseas. This has made the granting of the full rights of citizenship of the European Union that includes the freedom of movement to those citizens, but the right of voting in the Parliament of Europe only belongs to the residents of the territory of Gibraltar. Conclusion The primary aim of making this assignment is to make the presentation of the legal analysis of the citizenship conception of the European Union. In the case laws that were provided by the European Court of Justice made the inclusion of the rights of free movement of persons and free residence of the people of the European Union in between the Member States. The law states that any person has to be the citizen of any member nation of the European Union for getting the citizenship of the European Union. The status or the position of the citizenship of the European Union is significant and evident both in the Directive of 2004/38 and in the case laws of the European Court of Justice in making the extension of the rights of free movement. However, there remain the important limitations and the qualification still regarding such rights. Reference List Beetham, David, and Christopher Lord.Legitimacy and the European Union. Routledge, 2014. Bulmer, Simon, and Christian Lequesne.The member states of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2013. Case 53/81D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie. Case C-413/99Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, para. [85]-[91]. Case C-85/96Mara Martnez Sala v Freistaat Bayern. Cini, Michelle, and Nieves Prez-Solrzano Borragn.European union politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. Conti, Nicol, Maurizio Cotta, and Pedro Tavares de Almeida, eds.Perspectives of national elites on European citizenship: A South European view. Routledge, 2014. Cowles, Maria Green, James A. Caporaso, and Thomas Risse-Kappen.Transforming Europe: Europeanization and domestic change. Cornell University Press, 2001. Currie, Samantha.Migration, work and citizenship in the enlarged European Union. Routledge, 2016. Cygan, Adam. "Citizenship of the European Union."International and Comparative Law Quarterly62.02 (2013): 492-501. Cygan, Adam. "Citizenship of the European Union."International and Comparative Law Quarterly62.02 (2013): 492-501. Faist, Thomas. "Social citizenship in the European Union: nested membership."JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies39.1 (2001): 37-58. Hollifield, James, Philip Martin, and Pia Orrenius.Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014. Horspool, Margot, and Matthew Humphreys.European Union Law. Oxford University Press, 2012. Jacobs, Francis G. "Citizenship of the European UnionA legal analysis."European Law Journal13.5 (2007): 591-610. Keyman, Fuat, and Ahmet Iduygu.Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge, 2013. Lord, Christopher.A democratic audit of the European Union. Springer, 2016. Martiniello, Marco.Citizenship of the European Union. A critical view. na, 1994. McCormick, John.Understanding the European Union: a concise introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Milana, Marcella, and Massimiliano Tarozzi. "Its about us! Reflections on Education for Active Citizenship within the European Union."Education58.6 (2013): 777-797. niÃ…Å ¸, Ziya. "8 Entrepreneurs, citizenship and the European Union."Citizenship in a Global World: European Questions and Turkish Experiences(2013): 173. Roche, Maurice, and Rik Van Berkel, eds.European citizenship and social exclusion. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. Streeck, Wolfgang.of Book: European Citizenship Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press, 2001. Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. [1] Beetham, David, and Christopher Lord.Legitimacy and the European Union. Routledge, 2014. [2] Case 53/81D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie. [3] Bulmer, Simon, and Christian Lequesne.The member states of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2013. [4] Case C-85/96Mara Martnez Sala v Freistaat Bayern. [5] Cowles, Maria Green, James A. Caporaso, and Thomas Risse-Kappen.Transforming Europe: Europeanization and domestic change. Cornell University Press, 2001. [6] Currie, Samantha.Migration, work and citizenship in the enlarged European Union. Routledge, 2016. [7] Faist, Thomas. "Social citizenship in the European Union: nested membership."JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies39.1 (2001): 37-58. [8] Cygan, Adam. "Citizenship of the European Union."International and Comparative Law Quarterly62.02 (2013): 492-501. [9] Hollifield, James, Philip Martin, and Pia Orrenius.Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014. [10] Cygan, Adam. "Citizenship of the European Union."International and Comparative Law Quarterly62.02 (2013): 492-501. [11] Case C-413/99Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, para. [85]-[91]. [12] Horspool, Margot, and Matthew Humphreys.European Union Law. Oxford University Press, 2012. [13] Jacobs, Francis G. "Citizenship of the European UnionA legal analysis."European Law Journal13.5 (2007): 591-610. [14] Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. [15] Keyman, Fuat, and Ahmet Iduygu.Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge, 2013. [16] Lord, Christopher.A democratic audit of the European Union. Springer, 2016. [17] Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. [18] Martiniello, Marco.Citizenship of the European Union. A critical view. na, 1994. [19] Milana, Marcella, and Massimiliano Tarozzi. "Its about us! Reflections on Education for Active Citizenship within the European Union."Education58.6 (2013): 777-797. [20] niÃ…Å ¸, Ziya. "8 Entrepreneurs, citizenship and the European Union."Citizenship in a Global World: European Questions and Turkish Experiences(2013): 173. [21] Streeck, Wolfgang.of Book: European Citizenship Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press, 2001. [22] Roche, Maurice, and Rik Van Berkel, eds.European citizenship and social exclusion. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. [23] Streeck, Wolfgang.of Book: European Citizenship Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press, 2001. [24] Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015.